Vling



= Vling =

East Asian Inspiration
First published in 2003 a priori

= Language Description =

Pronunciation
Phonemic representations in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) are given within slashes / /.

When a word begins with a vowel or diphthong, there is a glottal stop  in front of it. A 'glottal stop' is like the hiatus between the o's in the word 'co-ordinate'.

Initials (I)
p, t, k, b, d, g, f, v, pl, tl, kl, bl, dl, gl, fl, vl, s, z, x, j, ts, dz, tx, dj, m, n, ng, l, h

Middles (M)
a, e, i, o, u, y, ai, au, ei, ia, ie, io, iu, oi, ua, ue, uo, ui

Finals (F)
p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng

Syllabic Structure
The structure of a syllable is (I)M(F) where I and F may or may not be present, but M is always present.

Letterals, Names of Letters
Remember that 'y' is a schwa sound like the 'a' in 'about'. The number 1 represents tone 1, the lowest level tone in the pitch scale. When ordering words in a list in Vling, the same algorithm as in English is used (specifically, ASCII sort order).

Consonants
py1, ty1, ky1, by1, dy1, gy1, fy1, vy1, ply1, tly1, kly1, bly1, dly1, gly1, fly1, vly1, sy1, zy1, xy1, jy1, tsy1, dzy1, txy1, djy1, my1, ny1, ngy1, ly1, hy1

Vowels and Diphthongs
a1-ka1, e1-ka1, i1-ka1, o1-ka1, u1-ka1, y1-ka1, ai1-ka1, au1-ka1, ei1-ka1, ia1-ka1, ie1-ka1, io1-ka1, oi1-ka1, iu1-ka1, ua1-ka1, ue1-ka1, uo1-ka1, ui1-ka1

Tones
Words can be converted from one part of speech to another by simply changing the tone: tsuet3 ("to be beautiful"), tsuet2 ("beauty"), tsuet5 ("beautiful"), tsuet4 ("beautifully"). It is the same with personal pronouns: ngiod2 ("I, me"), ngiod5 ("my"), ngiod4 ("in my way, like me"), ngiod3 ("to be I").

Basic Sentence Structure
A sentence may contain the constituents Subject (S), Verb (V), and Object (O). In English, the standard word order is SVO ("The cat (S) eats (V) the fish (O)"), but Vling has free word order: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OVS, or OSV. The order determines emphasis. The constituents closer to the beginning of a phrase have more emphasis than those near the end. The subject is preceded by the marker a1 and the direct object by the marker o1:

Vling is a "pro-drop" language in that portions of phrases which can be deduced from context may be dropped, unsaid. For example, an entire subject can be dropped.

Noun Definiteness
There is no definite article ('the') and no indefinite article ('a/an'). Only used when concision is required, the closest equivalents would be nua5, ik5, and pliang5 ('this, that, yonder') to show definiteness or xua5 ('one') to show indefiniteness. There is a marker ton1 to indicate newly introduced information and a marker kim1 to indicate previously introduced information. These are used only when concision is required.

Noun Number
The bare noun is numberless, neither plural nor singular. Plurality can be shown by using numerals, as well as the adjectives gain5, mua5, and giu5 ('many, few, several').

Adjectives
Adjectives and numerals may be placed before or after the noun.

Temporal Tense
Tense is completely optional. Often context disambiguates when an event occurs. However, if you would like to be specific about time, there are adverbs which are placed before the verb. Combinations of these with other adverbs are possible.

Spatial Tense
If you would like to be specific about spatial tense, there are adverbs for it which are placed before the verb. Combinations of these with other adverbs are possible.

Verb Aspect
An aspectual adverb may be placed before a verb to describe the action. Here is a list of the aspectual adverbs:

Verb Modals
Imperative mood or command is indicated by placing the marker au1 at the end of the phrase. A polite request uses ei1.

Complements
Intransitive verbs, vlu3 ('to be') and aum3 ('to become'), which take a noun complement, use the complement marker u1.

Verb Voice
Vling has five grammatical verb voices: 'The cat eats' (active), 'The fish is eaten' (passive), 'The man makes the cat eat' (causative), 'The cat feeds itself' (reflexive), 'The cats feed each other / one another' (reciprocative).

Any adjective (like 'tuong5' - blue) can be turned into a 'stative verb' (like 'tuong3' - to be blue) as in 'The man blues '.

Participles and Gerunds
Used as prefixes, the tense, aspect, and voice markers can be compounded to form participles and gerunds:

[TENSE]+[ASPECT]+[VOICE]+root. (Use tone1, except for the root.)

Verb Serialization
A sequence of consecutive verbs, all sharing the same subject, is a common strategy.

A group of simultaneous actions is also possible.

Compound Words
(a) The elements are opposite in meaning to one another.

juong1-tloi2 (night and day) txuak1-ze2 (father and mother) foip1-nung5 (black and white)

(b) The elements are of similar species.

dluam1-pui2 (tables and chairs)

(c) The first element further defines the second.

tun1-ngiu2 (headmaster; head of the school) taud1-og2 (medicine man) fueg1-ip2 (toothache)

(d) The multiple attributes are left-grouping.

saim1-tseg1-glie1-txiog2 ((old book) love) person | antique book lover

All the syllables of the compound word, except the last syllable, always have tone 1. The last syllable carries the tone that indicates the part of speech for the whole compound word. Below is a compound word which is an adjective:

saim1-tseg1-glie1-txiog5 lie2 antique-book-lover shop

Names
Proper nouns or other proper terms, as well as foreign terms and borrowings, are preceded by the name marker tu1 and may be treated structurally as compound words. Within a name, individual syllables may or may not have any semantic value; they could be purely phonetic.

If preferred, the foreign word or phrase may be used in its native form.

The name marker may precede an entire noun phrase.

The name marker is useful for borrowing from other languages.

Quotations
Direct quotations are set off by dak4 (quotingly) and jak4 (unquotingly).

dak4/jak4 may be used in conjunction with the name marker.

Indirect quotations do not use dak4/jak4.

Questions
The question marker mo1 ends an interrogative phrase.

Exclamations
Exclamatory phrases may be ended with a strengthening exclamatory marker mak1 or a softening exclamatory marker lei1.

puip5! Good!

puip5 mak1! Good! (strong)

puip5 lei1! Good! (soft)

Head-first Relative Clauses
There are two particles that can mark the beginning of a 'head-first' relative clause, djib1 (restrictive) and gop1 (non-restrictive). Restrictive clauses give information about the head which is inherent, while non-restrictive clauses give information about the head which is incidental. In English, we often distinguish these two by putting a comma (for non-restrictive) or not (for restrictive). For concision, a 'resumptive pronoun' may be used to refer to the head.

The resumptive pronoun may be dropped.

Here are examples of non-restrictive clauses:

Head-last Relative Clauses
A head-last relative clause has the modifying clause before the head (reverse of English). There are two particles that can mark the ending of a 'head-last' relative clause, vied1 (restrictive) and miem1 (non-restrictive).

Topicalization
A common sentence pattern is to have the topic, a word or phrase other than the subject, separate from a comment. The topic marker is za1.

Nominalizer: "-ing, what"
The marker sup1 nominalizes the verb.

Appositives
An appositive is a noun that refers to another noun with no preposition or conjunction joining them.

Numerals
Numerals are consistently and regularly formed. Twenty is 'two-ten'. Forty is 'four-ten'. Fourteen is 'ten-four'. Thirty-four is 'three-ten-four'. Numerals are compound words.

Fractions are formed using the preposition tsoin1 ('out of'):

vek1 is used for decimals.

Ordinals are formed by the adverb mun4 ('by order'):

Telling Time
The verb for telling time is xaung3. The 24-hour clock is used. 'January', 'February', 'March', and so forth are 'xua5 voi2' (one month), 'plaig5 voi2' (two months), 'gliag5 voi2' (three months), and so forth. The weekdays 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', and 'Sunday' are 'xua5 txua2' (one weekday), 'plaig5 txua2' (two weekdays), 'gliag5 txua2' (three weekdays), 'bliut5 txua2' (four weekdays), 'dzig5 txua2' (five weekdays), 'nuin5 txua2' (six weekdays), and 'gi5 txua2' (seven weekdays) respectively.

xaung3 a1 plaig1-pliak1-plaig1-txod1-klub5 men2, nuin5 voi2, txod1-nuin5 mong2, dzig5 txua2, txod1-gi5 jien2, bliut1-txod1-dzig5 paing2.

The verb for time duration is ngieg3.

Weather
sui3. It is raining.

dued3. It is sunny.

sid3. It is cloudy.

lid3. It is snowing.

Greetings
Any cheerful term may be used for both salutations and partings.

fuek3! Peace!

bien3! Hope!

Pronouns
= Vocabulary = [KEY: aj = adjective, av = adverb, cj = conjunction, n = noun, num = numeral, pn = pronoun, pr = preposition, pt = particle]

pn I, me; my		ngiod2; ngiod5	 pn we, us (inclusive "with you"); our		gleib2; gleib5	 pn we, us (exclusive "without you"); our		dzuam2; dzuam5	 pn you (singular); your		kliok2; kliok5	 pn you (plural); your		kau2; kau5	 pn he, she, him, her; his, her (biological)	mion2; mion5	 pn	one (indefinite persons or biologicals); one's	ngom2; ngom5	 pn they (biological); their		niad2; niad5	 pn it; its (non-biological)		pot2; pot5	 pn they (non-biological); their		dzub2; dzub5	

pt	subject marker a1  pt	direct object (accusative) marker o1  pt complement marker u1  pt	letteral marker	ka1	 pt imperative (command) marker au1  pt polite request marker ei1  pt	question marker	mo1	 pt	newly introduced information marker	ton1	 pt	previously introduced information marker	kim1	 pt	name marker	tu1	 pt	nominalizer	sup1	 pt	topic marker	za1	 pt	strengthening exclamatory marker		mak1	 pt	softening exclamatory marker		lei1	 pr	about (pertaining to; on the topic of) 	dluim1	 pr	above, over 	jing1	 pr	according to	klek1	 pr	across (at / to the other side of) 	plei1	 pr	after (later than; in the future of) 	bog1	 pr around, encircling, surrounding 	bei1	 pr	as	jiot1	 pr	as for	zauk1	 pr	at (in the same location as) 	xiu1	 pr because of, due to 	ngie1	 pr before, in front of, ahead of (spatially) 	tsieb1	 pr	before, prior to, earlier than 	uit1	 pr behind, in back of, to the rear of 	bla1	 pr between, among, amidst, inter- 	txia1	 pr beyond, farther than, exceeding 	dzio1	 pr by means of, via, per, with (using; through instrumentality of) 	ak1	 pr during 	iong1	 pr except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding 	om1	 pr for (to benefit; destined for; for the purpose of) 	uog1	 pr for (in exchange for) 	ap1	 pr from, out of, away from 	tsoin1	 pr in (located inside of) 	zuak1	 pr instead of, rather than 	ien1	 pr like, similar to 	kuit1	 pr near, close to 	tseb1	 pr of (owned by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) 	saub1	 pr	of (containing the measured quantity: "two liters of water") 	ki1	 pr on (resting on; touching the top or other surface of) 	iop1	 pr outside of, exterior to 	tliud1	 pr/cj than, compared to 	xuem1	 pr through 	uip1	 pr to, towards, at (moving toward) 	ueg1	 pr under, below, beneath 	hium1	 pr	until	plog1	 pr with (accompanied by) 	gloip1	 pr	without, with no ..., lacking 	flueng1	 v	be (intransitive predicative copula) 	vlu3	 v	exist 	dein3	 v	become (begin to be; acquire the quality...) 	aum3	 v	cause (induce something to be/happen) 	eid3	 v	make, render (impart quality X to Y; e.g. "I make you happy") 	gling3	 v	do, perform, engage in (specified activity) 	iad3	 v	have (possess / be furnished with) 	hiap3	 aux v pres	can (is/are able to ...) 	nug3	 aux v pres	should, ought to (is/are expected/advised to ...) 	flaim3	 aj/pn	this (demonstrative) 	nua5, nua2	 aj/pn	that (demonstrative) 	ik5, ik2	 aj/pn that yonder (demonstrative)		pliang5, pliang2	 cj	so, then, therefore	djup1	 cj	aka (also known as)	taup1	 cj	and, plus 	iam1	 cj	but, however 	eim1	 cj	if (on condition that...; supposing that...) 	tsai1	 cj	or 	dzuong1	 cj that (e.g. "I know that you are right")		ved1	 pt	that, who/which/where/when [head-first restrictive clause marker] (e.g. "I saw the doctor that/who had lunch with you.")	djib1	 pt who/which/where/when [head-first non-restrictive clause marker] (e.g. "I saw a girl, who wore a red dress.")	gop1	 pt	that, who/which/where/when [head-last restrictive clause marker]	vied1	 pt who/which/where/when [head-last non-restrictive clause marker]	miem1	 av	also, additionally, too 	kuo4	 av	apart, separately 	nieg4	 av	maybe, perhaps, possibly 	an4	 av	not, no 	uod4	 av	yes	suik4	 av	only, solely, exclusively 	glue4	 av	together 	puo4	 av	how? (in what manner?) 	xoid4	 av	how much/many? zuim4	 pn	what? ten2	 av	when? (at what time?) 	zian4	 av	where? (at/to what place?) 	glod4	 pn, aj	which? moim2, moim5	 pn	who? diop2	 av	why? (for what reason?) 	flaib4	 aj	any (no particular one of) 	tleg5	 aj	all	xuag5	 aj	every, each 	uin5	 n	dwarf	txuek2	 n	elf	nuing2	 n	person, human being	txiog2	 n	baby, infant	vlai2	 n	child	vie2	 n	boy	ho2	 n	girl	ang2	 n	man (adult male person)	og2	 n	woman (adult female person)	maun2	 n	family	ud2	 n	father	txuak2	 n	mother	ze2	 n	marriage (spousal relationship)	nie2	 n	husband	lua2	 n	wife	dzat2	 n	son	su2	 n	daughter	mie2	 n	brother	maing2	 n	sister	tiod2	 n	chief, leader	txue2	 n	king	tsiun2	 n	queen	tiop2	 n	president	siang2	 n	prime minister	pliu2	 n	dictator, tyrant	aim2	 n	master, lord	ngiu2	 n	slave	guo2	 n	soldier	bua2	 n	ambassador	at2	 n	member (of group/organization)	zei2	 n	friend	oid2	 n	enemy	muib2	 n	Mr., Ms., Miss, Mrs.	gat2	 n	Mister, Mr.	flai2	 n	Ms., Miss/Mrs. xuo2	 n	club, society (voluntary association re: a common interest)	zib2	 n	committee (group appointed to do a task)	fluo2	 n	community (individuals sharing space / culture)	dzui2	 n	culture (the customs and beliefs of a people)	uong2	 n	individual (one considered separately from one's species)	dui2	 n	people (a people), folk, the members of an ethnic group / nation	zo2	 n	public, populace, the people (as in People's Republic)	sau2	 n	race (group of people with similar characteristics)	jum2	 n	team, crew, squad	hie2	 n	abdomen	dze2	 n	anus	ab2	 n	arm (shoulder to hand)	kiom2	 n	back (dorsal area)	dzue2	 n	beard	gluib2	 n	blood	aup2	 n	body	iap2	 n	bone	flot2	 n	brain	djuog2	 n	breast, mammary	ieng2	 n	buttock	ad2	 n	cheek (side of face below eye)	uam2	 n	chest (upper front of torso)	bo2	 n	chin	aung2	 n	ear	uen2	 n	egg	bio2	 n	eye	hui2	 n	face	it2	 n	feather	jua2	 n	feces, dung, excrement	gion2	 n	fetus (foetus), embryo	ueb2	 n	finger	gluab2	 n	fist	ion2	 n	foot (on which something stands)	ta2	 n	forehead	dzoi2	 n	gene	luo2	 n	hair (a strand of fibrous material growing from the body)	mau2	 n	hair (the hairs atop one's head thought of as a collective entity)	uot2	 n	hand	zu2	 n	head	zab2	 n	heart (coronary muscle)	txiok2	 n	heel	kuik2	 n	hip	tsue2	 n	horn (bone-like growth from animal's head)	uop2	 n	intestines, gut(s), viscera	dlie2	 n	iris (of eye)	iut2	 n	kidney	nio2	 n	knee	nuak2	 n	leg	zap2	 n	lip	glieng2	 n	liver	uing2	 n	lung	uad2	 n	meat, flesh	feig2	 n	mouth	uob2	 n	muscle	bluop2	 n	nail (fingernail)	dlua2	 n	navel	hau2	 n	neck	up2	 n	nerve	tlong2	 n	nose	kab2	 n	organ (of body)	iot2	 n	palm (of hand)	eib2	 n	penis	vluo2	 n	shell	dlia2	 n	shoulder	so2	 n	skeleton	plu2	 n	skin	ong2	 n	spine, backbone	tlo2	 n	stomach	tsi2	 n	sweat, perspiration	bai2	 n	tail	dluen2	 n	tear(drop(s))	kloing2	 n	testicle	dieg2	 n	throat	iup2	 n	thumb	ziu2	 n	toe	tleib2	 n	tongue (body-part)	jau2	 n	tooth	fueg2	 n	urine	djuing2	 n	vagina	tsie2	 n	vein, blood vessel	im2	 n	waist	djuo2	 n	wing (of bird etc.)	iud2	 n	wound	luon2	 n	wrist	ub2	 n	berry (small pulpy fruit)	dio2	 n	bud (of flower/leaf)	djem2	 n	flower	blok2	 n	fruit	fui2	 n	leaf	fliom2	 n	nut (hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel)	xad2	 n	pod (seed pod)	vleig2	 n	root (of a plant)	ian2	 n	seed	ueng2	 n	sprout (young shoot of plant)	pluag2	 aj	alive 	plaing5	 aj	dead 	ngua5	 n	birth	vo2	 n	mature, adult	uat2	 aj	healthy 	zua5	 n	disease, illness, sickness	dzod2	 aj	fat, obese, plump 	klauk5	 n	sex, gender	jia2	 aj	female 	xuon5	 aj	male 	uab5	 aj	neuter (neither male nor female) 	iab5	 n	sense (ability to perceive a given kind of stimuli)	nein2	 n	pain	ip2	 n	pleasure	zeim2	 aj	tired, weary 	iep5	 aj	refreshed, zesty, perky 	iob5	 v	sleep 	pling3	 aj	awake 	guik5	 n	fever	duat2	 v	bite 	glia3	 v	breathe 	hieb3	 v	catch (stop the motion of and seize in the hands) 	xei3	 v	climb 	ngued3	 v	copulate, have sex (with) 	bliong3	 v	crawl 	ja3	 v	cry out, shout, yell 	uem3	 v	cry, weep 	txiek3	 v	dance 	tui3	 v	die 	fue3	 v	drink 	fliun3	 v	drown (die/kill via immersion) 	djie3	 v	eat 	mia3	 v	feed	tlaub3	 v	feel (perceive with the tactile sense) 	fua3	 v	gesture 	iub3	 v	hold, grasp 	uan3	 v	hunt, pursue (with intent to capture and/or devour) 	dzuad3	 v	jump, leap 	uag3	 v	kick 	jiug3	 v	kill 	aub3	 v	kiss 	glig3	 v	laugh 	zeing3	 v	lie (recline horizontally) 	oik3	 v	live (be alive) 	oing3	 v	run 	diu3	 v	shave 	piu3	 v	sit (be in a sitting position) 	iem3	 v	smile 	iag3	 v	sneeze 	djin3	 v	spit 	bliok3	 v	squat 	xuop3	 v	stand 	ok3	 v	swallow 	zai3	 v	swim 	ngoi3	 v	taste (perceive the flavor of) 	txuo3	 v	throw, toss 	do3	 v	touch 	puang3	 v	vomit 	xiup3	 v	walk 	tug3	 v	wrestle 	eig3	 n	animal (non-vegetable creature)	xien2	 n	ant (insect of family Formicidae)	ham2	 n	bear (animal of Ursidae family)	ot2	 n	bee (member of genus Apis)	dzua2	 n	bird (egg-laying feathered animal with wings)	kiu2	 n	butterfly	ve2	 n	cat (Felis catus)	ob2	 n	chicken	huod2	 n	cockroach (insect of order Blattaria)	bue2	 n	cow/bull, cattle (bovine animal of either sex)	fla2	 n	deer (animal of family Cervidae)	fuong2	 n	dog (Canis familiaris)	dli2	 n	donkey, ass (Equus asinus)	fe2	 n	dragon (winged serpent with crested head and large claws)	eip2	 n	fish	txain2	 n	fly (small winged insect)	dling2	 n	fox (member of genus Vulpes)	ied2	 n	frog (web-footed tailless leaping amphibian)	blue2	 n	goat (animal of genus Capra)	tliong2	 n	grasshopper	nge2	 n	horse (Equus caballus)	eit2	 n	insect	in2	 n	lion (Felis leo)	nag2	 n	lizard	nged2	 n	lobster	tuid2	 n	mammal	od2	 n	mantis (insect of order Manteodea)	xoik2	 n	monkey, small primate	voig2	 n	mosquito	dlo2	 n	mouse	tluob2	 n	pig, swine (omnivorous mammal of family Suidae)	eg2	 n	rabbit (animal of family Leporidae)	hiu2	 n	reptile	ut2	 n	sheep (Ovis aries)	pia2	 n	snake, serpent (reptile of suborder Serpentes or Ophidia)	djoi2	 n	spider, arachnid	ple2	 n	squirrel (rodent of family Sciuridae)	oim2	 n	tiger (Felis tigris)	iat2	 n	turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)	vluat2	 n	turtle (reptile of order Testudinata)	plueg2	 n	virus	aing2	 n	whale (large marine mammal of order Cetacea)	piad2	 n	wolf (Canis lupus)	joi2	 n	worm	flo2	 n	apple (tree/fruit of genus Malus)	xag2	 n	bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus)	aik2	 n	banana (plant/fruit of genus Musa)	bum2	 n	bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar)	goit2	 n	cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata)	glaung2	 n	carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus)	pei2	 n	coffee (plant/seeds of sp. Coffea arabica)	toig2	 n	cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber)	koit2	 n	corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays)	txeip2	 n	cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium)	tlaung2	 n	cucumber (Cucumis sativus)	txe2	 n	date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera)	huik2	 n	fig (tree/fruit of genus Ficus)	dzuo2	 n	flax (Linum usitatissimum)	dua2	 n	garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum)	djam2	 n	ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber)	kluk2	 n	ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax)	kuim2	 n	gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita)	vue2	 n	grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis)	dlaing2	 n	grass (monocotyledonous plant of family Gramineae)	nu2	 n	hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa)	eng2	 n	kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales)	flid2	 n	lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris)	gau	 n	lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca)	flog2	 n	mandarin, tangerine (tree/fruit of sp. Citrus reticulata)	hia2	 n	mint (plant of family Labiatae)	viu2	 n	mushroom (a complex aerial fleshy fruiting body of a fungus)	doi2	 n	mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea)	tsik2	 n	oak (tree of genus Quercus)	nieng2	 n	oat (plant/seed of genus Avena)	tsau2	 n	olive (tree/fruit of sp. Olea europaea)	gliot2	 n	onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa)	txoi2	 n	orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.)	xiud2	 n	pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum)	fuom2	 n	peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea)	tuem2	 n	pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum)	xuak2	 n	pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum)	maim2	 n	pine (coniferous tree of genus Pinus)	tsuo2	 n	plum (certain trees/fruits of genus Prunus)	ngu2	 n	potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum)	iek2	 n	rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa)	em2	 n	rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa)	kuap2	 n	safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)	fun2	 n	sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum)	dlue2	 n	soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max)	um2	 n	spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea)	blai2	 n	squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit)	uang2	 n	sunflower (plant/bloom of sp. Helianthus annuus)	fuang2	 n	tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis)	blim2	 n	tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum)	ieg2	 n	tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon)	klian2	 n	wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum)	to2	 n	bush, shrub	huo2	 n	garden	dza	 n	grain(s), cereal crop(s) and their seed(s)	de2	 v	harvest, reap 	en3	 n	life (philosophical, daily living)	ziug	 n	life (biological)	meb	 n	plant (a vegetable life-form)	koid2	 n	tree	bleig2	 n	bay (small body of water offset from lake or sea)	nui2	 n	beach, shore	po2	 n	cave	tluing2	 n	cliff	txuam2	 n	cloud	sid2	 n	desert	kliap2	 n	earth (terra firma contrasted with sea and heaven)	hiud2	 n	earthquake	blu2	 n	eclipse	et2	 n	field (unbroken expanse of land)	id2	 n	flood, deluge	ed2	 n	fog	la2	 n	forest	tluip2	 n	hail	iang2	 n	hill (smaller than a mountain)	maug2	 n	island	liek2	 n	lake	dloik2	 n	land	pek2	 n	lightning	iet2	 n	moon (natural satellite of a planet)	pueb2	 n	mountain	uk2	 n	nature (that which occurs spontaneously; the non-artificial world)	vau2	 n	planet	ziom2	 n	rain	sui2	 n	rainbow	jong2	 n	river	faig2	 n	sea, ocean	duam2	 n	sky	bluo2	 n	snow	lid2	 n	star	haib2	 n	storm	da2	 n	sun	dued2	 n	swamp, marsh	gie2	 n	thunder	mian2	 n	tide	tliom2	 n	tornado	puog2	 n	universe, cosmos	tsui2	 n	valley	vlio2	 n	volcano	vlua2	 n	weather	ngab2	 n	wind	aud2	 n	world	aib2	 n	arrow (sharp-tipped shaft shot from a bow)	fai2	 n	axe	tled2	 n	balloon	ziut2	 n	bar, rod	ep2	 n	barrel, cask	puek2	 n	basket	ziuk2	 n	bed	glei2	 n	bell	buod2	 n	blade	glua2	 n	blanket (large piece of soft material used as a cover)	iom2	 n	board	veid2	 n	bomb	fluib2	 n	bottle	dzoit2	 n	bow (for arrows)	dluig2	 n	bowl (deep round dish)	jai2	 n	box (rigid rectangular receptacle)	fluin2	 n	brake	hoi2	 n	brick (hard clay block)	tlud2	 n	broom	djon2	 n	brush	vlau2	 n	bucket, pail	gue2	 n	bullet	gai2	 n	button (on a shirt etc.)	tsieng2	 n	cage	niob2	 n	can (presealed metal container) {British: tin}	flui2	 n	candle	ait2	 n	cannon	uek2	 n	chain (connected series of rings or links)	kob2	 n	chair (furniture for one person to sit on)	pui2	 n	cigarette	pluo2	 n	clock	iung2	 n	club, cudgel	txau2	 n	coin	fab2	 n	comb	dzuik2	 n	computer (electronic instruction-obeying information-handler)	uid2	 n	container	ek2	 n	cord, cable (thicker than wire)	duog2	 n	cover (thing put onto or extended over something else)	klaum2	 n	cup (small bowl with handle)	ngue2	 n	curtain	sue2	 n	dial (circle marked with numbers/symbols)	fio2	 n	dish (any shallow concave container)	niog2	 n	doll, effigy	klied2	 n	dome (anything shaped like an upside-down bowl)	nguo2	 n	drain (device that removes unwanted liquid)	vi2	 n	drill	ngiap2	 n	drum (hollow musical instrument beaten with sticks or hands)	klio2	 n	envelope (folded paper covering a letter)	txie2	 n	fan (device to create air current)	flueg2	 n	fence (outdoor barrier supported by posts)	niab2	 n	file (tool for abrading)	sei2	 n	flag, banner	fiod2	 n	fork (instrument with >=2 prongs for picking up something)	gli2	 n	frame (structure supporting or surrounding something)	hoik2	 n	furniture	xiet2	 n	gear (toothed wheel)	pab2	 n	guitar (stringed instrument played with the fingers)	bliem2	 n	gun (ballistic weapon)	xio2	 n	hammer	oit2	 n	handle (part of tool by which it is held)	fiung2	 n	hinge	tlui2	 n	hook	fip2	 n	horn (makes noise when blown)	dzuok2	 n	hourglass	djua2	 n	jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle)	oib2	 n	key (metal device for operating lock)	kia2	 n	knife	djui2	 n	knob	lu2	 n	ladder	uom2	 n	lamp	auk2	 n	lens	koi2	 n	lever	ieb2	 n	lock (device for securing doors)	bok2	 n	machine (device with moving parts)	ngoib2	 n	match (little fire-stick)	txub2	 n	microscope	tua2	 n	mirror	tlai2	 n	motor, engine	fuag2	 n	nail (pointy fastener)	juk2	 n	needle	zaug2	 n	net	van2	 n	oven	txoik2	 n	package, packet, parcel	glip2	 n	paddle, oar (stick with broad end)	veb2	 n	pan (broad shallow cooking dish)	ngo2	 n	patch (a piece used to cover/repair a flaw)	aug2	 n	pedal	eik2	 n	pen (writing tool that uses ink)	zue2	 n	pencil, crayon (writing tool that uses semi-solid substance)	dab2	 n	piano	plua2	 n	pillow, cushion	vui2	 n	pipe (a hard tube for transporting liquid)	kui2	 n	plate (shallow dish, usually round)	jeim2	 n	plow (plough)	daung2	 n	pocket	kut2	 n	pole, stick (long bar)	klui2	 n	post (vertical pole anchored in ground)	xut2	 n	pot (deep round vessel)	gla2	 n	pulley	vat2	 n	pump	vloi2	 n	rack (framework of bars for storage)	pied2	 n	radio apparatus, wireless set	ing2	 n	rail (usually horizontal bar for restraining/supporting things)	djaub2	 n	rake	ngau2	 n	razor	tlod2	 n	rope	flie2	 n	rug, mat	nuab2	 n	sack, bag	hok2	 n	sail	maip2	 n	saw (tool)	vlo2	 n	scale (device to measure weight)	kam2	 n	scissors	vlei2	 n	screen, mesh	ngai2	 n	screw (threaded fastener)	kluot2	 n	sign (board with public notice written on it)	vlung2	 n	shelf	xuim2	 n	shield (a protective implement)	feik2	 n	shovel	uak2	 n	spear, lance	mei2	 n	sponge (real/synthetic corpse of animal of phylum Porifera)	plik2	 n	spool, reel (cylinder onto which something is wound)	txuit2	 n	spoon	vliu2	 n	spring (metal helix)	blom2	 n	staple (fastener)	ium2	 n	strap	bie2	 n	string (thicker than thread and thinner than rope)	dziup2	 n	stylus	ming2	 n	sword	xau2	 n	syringe	pla2	 n	table (piece of furniture with flat top)	dluam2	 n	telephone	eing2	 n	telescope	aut2	 n	television set	iod2	 n	toilet, water closet	op2	 n	tool, utensil, implement	jie2	 n	tongs	am2	 n	towel	plam2	 n	toy, plaything	lap2	 n	trap	pait2	 n	tray (shallow rectangular dish)	tep2	 n	umbrella	pluim2	 n	valve (flow-controller)	xieb2	 n	weapon	vluok2	 n	wheel	dloi2	 n	wire (long thread-like piece of metal)	zuop2	 n	wrench {British: spanner}	tsut2	 n	apron	on2	 n	belt	juo2	 n	coat (heavy outer garment with sleeves)	pliok2	 n	collar	vuag2	 n	eyeglasses	boing2	 n	garment (item of clothing)	iun2	 n	glove	nuo2	 n	harness	hue2	 n	hat, cap	uet2	 n	helmet	nad2	 n	jacket (a short and/or lightweight coat)	tuk2	 n	necktie	kliek2	 n	pants, trousers	ngik2	 n	shirt	xin2	 n	shorts, trunks (trousers extending no lower than knees)	suang2	 n	shoe	uok2	 n	skirt, kilt, dress (any torso-garment open at the bottom)	iog2	 n	sock, hose, stocking	huep2	 n	uniform (special garments worn by members of a group)	nue2	 n	veil	tie2	 n	building, edifice (structure with walls and roof)	fluong2	 n	attic, garret	jeit2	 n	ceiling	mit2	 n	cellar, basement	siu2	 n	chimney	suim2	 n	door	gued2	 n	elevator {British: lift}	blaug2	 n	fireplace, hearth	tlau2	 n	floor (bottom of room)	xen2	 n	hall	nguim2	 n	roof	ti2	 n	room, chamber	fia2	 n	stair(s)	zuog2	 n	throne	djuak2	 n	wall	duang2	 n	window	si2	 n	church (building or institution of public worship)	feim2	 n	factory	uep2	 n	hospital	bain2	 n	hotel, inn	dlueg2	 n	house (a free-standing man-made dwelling-building)	kli2	 n	library	keig2	 n	mill (place where raw materials are processed)	pluom2	 n	prison, jail	tlei2	 n	school	tun2	 n	store, shop, boutique	lie2	 n	tavern, bar, pub	va2	 n	theater	ung2	 n	university	puim2	 n	bridge	ig2	 n	farm	txuod2	 n	park (public outdoor area)	zau2	 n	market (place where goods are bought/sold/traded)	siun2	 n	tower	txaip2	 n	agency, bureau	aig2	 n	army	vueng2	 n	authority (the right/power to command)	dzap2	 n	campaign (for political office)	zuing2	 n	constitution (charter of an organization)	bab2	 v	control 	jeb3	 n	court (of law)	bluit2	 n	crime	pliong2	 v	elect (select by voting) 	dzug2	 aj	free (at liberty) 	dloing5	 n	government	flio2	 aj	independent 	dzai5	 aj	international 	fluip5	 n	jury	loing2	 n	law (a rule enforced by a government)	miob2	 aj	military 	heg5	 n	nation, state (political entity)	piok2	 v	obey 	geg3	 aj	official (issued with authority) 	gu5	 v	organize (bring X's together to perform a task) 	blei3	 n	parliament, congress (legislative body of elected officers)	poing2	 n	party (political), sect (religious)	viong2	 v	permit, allow, let 	djei3	 n	police (organization to enforce laws)	tsei2	 n	politics	vliab2	 v	prohibit, forbid, contra-permit 	meit3	 n	province (of Canada etc.), prefecture, state (of USA etc.)	tliuk2	 v	resign 	zoi3	 n	rule, regulation	tsaib2	 n	submission, surrender	tlio2	 n	tax	vluot2	 n	trial (in court)	fub2	 v	unite 	klu3	 v	vote 	iuk3	 n	war	kliab2	 v	accept (willingly receive) 	fie3	 n	account (record of money received/paid/owed)	flia2	 n	bank (monetary institution)	huen2	 n	bill, invoice (statement of money owed)	txaum2	 v	borrow 	bid3	 n	business, commerce	djiot2	 v	buy, purchase 	plap3	 aj	cheap, inexpensive 	xet5	 n	check (written order directing a bank to pay from an account)	floib2	 n	company (a business organization), firm	tliop2	 n	contract (agreement-document)	juim2	 n	credit (permission to borrow money)	kua2	 n	debt, obligation to pay	miu2	 v	exchange, trade, swap 	ngei3	 aj	expensive, costly 	iug5	 aj	frugal, thrifty 	txaup5	 aj	generous, charitable 	dje5	 vt	get, acquire, gain, obtain 	gied3	 v	give 	djab3	 n	insurance (protective contractual arrangement)	xaib2	 v	invest 	xiug3	 n	job, employment	dloim2	 v	keep, retain, go on having (e.g. "you should keep this book") 	bliod3	 v	lack (be without) 	fu3	 v	lend 	xui3	 vt	lose (cease having; contra-acquire) 	dzie3	 n	merchandise, goods, wares	dliu2	 n	money	tau2	 v	offer (present for acceptance or rejection) 	vloib3	 v	own (possess according to law or custom) 	uap3	 v	pay 	vlaut3	 aj	poor, impoverished 	pi5	 n	price, cost	txap2	 aj	private (contra-public) 	txo5	 n	prize, award	liut2	 n	profit, gain	tiom2	 v	provide, supply, furnish 	tle3	 aj	public (available to most or all persons) 	kluo5	 v	punish 	tlia3	 v	receive 	vliap3	 v	reject, refuse (contra-accept) 	lon3	 n	responsibility, liability, accountability	dluad2	 v	reward 	deim3	 aj	rich, wealthy 	klud5	 v	sell 	plue3	 v	steal (take in a criminal way) 	bliam3	 n	store, cache, reserve, reservoir	gong2	 v	take (in the sense of E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") 	ziup3	 n	ticket, coupon	txien2	 n	value (the quality of being useful and/or desirable), worth	fiu2	 n	angel, fairy (supernatural flying humanoid)	fei2	 v	bless (wish good upon) 	gliut3	 v	curse, damn (wish evil upon) 	dlat3	 n	ghost (manifestation of dead person's soul)	oig2	 n	god, diety	piot2	 n	heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc.	tliun2	 n	hell, Hades	bliu2	 aj	holy, sacred 	uim5	 n	magic, sorcery	dzeit2	 v	pray (communicate with god(s)) 	puok3	 n	priest, clergyman	dzei2	 n	religion	kliop2	 n	revelation, mystical vision	djag2	 n	ritual, rite, ceremony	txa2	 n	soul, spirit (believed to outlive the body)	xu2	 v	admire 	ngain3	 aj	alert 	djuang5	 aj	angry 	txei5	 v	approve (of) 	lied3	 n	art (creative craft; productive use of talent)	xam2	 n	attention (active perception)	heng2	 n	behavior, conduct	tuam2	 v	believe (accept as true) 	xia3	 v	blame 	vluip3	 aj	boring, tedious 	txu5	 v	calculate, reckon 	biang3	 n	care, concern (about someone / something)	dlui2	 n	caution, prudence, carefulness	bi2	 v	celebrate, rejoice 	bop3	 v	choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities 	guag3	 n	comfort (freedom from pain and/or worry)	glio2	 v	compare 	zub3	 v	consider	nuob3	 aj	conscious, aware 	biu5	 n	courage, bravery	bluok2	 aj	dear, precious, cherished 	blaib5	 v	decide 	hai3	 n	disappointment	vliep2	 v	distinguish, differentiate, tell one from another 	kueb3	 n	destiny	kluong2	 v	doubt 	dle3	 n	dream	txi2	 n	embarrassment	glueg2	 n	enthusiasm, zeal	txeid2	 n	eternity	zeg2	 v	expect, anticipate (believe that X will come/happen) 	hauk3	 v	experience (consciously live through an event) 	nai3	 v	favor, prefer 	lio3	 v	fear (be afraid of) 	ziub3	 v	feel (experience an emotion/sentiment) 	dlig3	 aj	foolish 	dluo5	 v	forget (contra-remember) 	ge3	 v	forgive, pardon 	gei3	 aj	foreign	dzik5	 aj	funny, comical 	jiub5	 aj	grateful, thankful 	ued5	 aj	greedy 	txaing5	 v	guard, monitor, watch over 	zeit3	 v	guess, conjecture 	pio3	 v	guide, lead 	dlap3	 aj	guilty, blame-worthy 	tue5	 n	habit, custom, routine practice	oin2	 aj	happy 	bong5	 v	hate 	tuo3	 v	hope 	bien3	 aj	humble, modest 	bieg5	 n	idea, concept (thought-bundle)	hub2	 v	imagine 	hod3	 aj	important 	vio5	 aj	innocent, contra-guilty 	jaib5	 aj	insane, crazy, mad 	vlog5	 aj	intelligent 	vliog5	 v	intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose 	lieg3	 n	interest (desire to pay attention to something), fascination	xeing2	 v	invent (plan something which has never been made before) 	kiob3	 n	jealousy, envy	mu2	 v	judge (compare something to criteria), form an opinion about 	tlua3	 v	know 	guk3	 n	knowledge	aun2	 v	learn 	bli3	 v	like, enjoy (derive pleasure from) 	niu3	 n	logic (formalized process of reasoning)	klin2	 aj	lonely (feeling undesirable solitude) 	plui5	 v	love 	glie3	 aj	loyal 	ploid5	 n	mercy	tliap2	 n	mind	siab2	 n	mystery	ug2	 n	neglect, negligence, apathy	siong2	 aj	nice, kind, affable 	bit5	 v	notice, observe 	dloid3	 n	opinion	duek2	 n	patience	uib2	 n	peace (freedom from fighting or turmoil)	fuek2	 v	perceive, detect 	xoi3	 v	pity, feel compassion toward, feel sorry for 	tio3	 n	plan, design	oip2	 n	play (performed by actors on stage), drama	un2	 v	pretend, act, feign 	sia3	 n	pride (proudness; self-respect)	ag2	 n	reason, explanation, justification, rationale	nei2	 n	reasoning, rational thought	bu2	 v	recognize 	xud3	 v	regret 	sua3	 v	remember 	djau3	 v	respect, venerate, esteem 	txai3	 n	revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even	mui2	 aj	sad, unhappy, melancholy 	lau5	 n	satisfaction	djap2	 v	seek, search (for), look for 	nuok3	 v	seem, appear to be, give the impression of 	loin3	 aj	serious, earnest, grave 	gin5	 n	shame	mueg2	 v	study 	vliang3	 aj	stupid 	tli5	 n	subject, topic of discussion	bait2	 v	suppose, presume 	gluo3	 v	surprise, startle 	tliung3	 n	talent, skill, knack	uon2	 v	teach 	djaing3	 v	tempt 	soi3	 n	theory	tloim2	 v	think 	huim3	 v	trust 	bia3	 v	understand, comprehend 	dzot3	 v	want, wish, desire 	vlie3	 n	whim, caprice	dziu2	 aj	wise 	nguom5	 n	worry, anxiety	puep2	 n	address (postal co-ordinates)	klaim2	 v	admit, confess 	di3	 n	advertisement	tuag2	 n	advice	vlia2	 n	alphabet	djiug2	 v	announce, proclaim 	jio3	 n	answer, reply to a question or argument	miop2	 n	article, essay (piece of text about one topic)	dlub2	 v	ask, inquire 	blaud3	 n	book	tseg2	 v	call, summon 	tla3	 n	chapter (main division of book)	piat2	 n	chart, diagram	lai2	 n	claim, assertion (statement of unknown accuracy)	fok2	 n	code (cryptographic system)	hiot2	 n	command, order, directive	pue2	 n	communication (exchange of information)	dliob2	 n	consonant (non-vowel)	tsia2	 v	criticize 	dzieg3	 v	deny (say that X is not true) 	zoip3	 v	describe 	fliud3	 n	dictionary	duo2	 v	discuss, talk about 	peim3	 n	document	boi2	 v	emphasize, accentuate, stress 	zia3	 n	fact (undisputed datum)	toik2	 n	fiction	iok2	 n	file (dossier; loose bundle of data)	jue2	 n	grammar (rules and structure of a language)	tlie2	 n	history (organized account of past events), chronicle	seng2	 v	indicate 	hien3	 n	information	baud2	 n	insult	siak2	 v	invite 	bau3	 n	issue, edition (of periodical etc.)	zie2	 n	label	mue2	 n	language (the verbal communication technique of a people)	plak2	 n	letter (a message written and mailed)	suo2	 v	lie (utter a known falsehood) 	kie3	 n	list	zong2	 n	magazine (periodical publication)	due2	 v	mail (transmit postally) 	xing3	 n	map (drawing of planet's surface)	gaut2	 n	meaning (semantic content of a word)	pluid2	 n	message (batch of transmitted information)	fi2	 n	movie, motion picture	pen2	 n	name	dlek2	 n	news, tidings	deid2	 n	newspaper	zaup2	 n	noise (confused/randomized sound/stimuli)	klap2	 n	note, annotation	jaig2	 aj	opposite	blot5	 n	page (one side of a sheet of paper in a book)	fuad2	 n	photograph	fiok2	 n	poem	ngi2	 v	praise, compliment, laud 	dlio3	 v	print (to copy marks by pressing inked objects on paper) 	vlue3	 n	promise (a claim about one's future actions), pledge	ngoin2	 n	protest, objection	bui2	 n	question, query	tluo2	 v	quote, cite 	dak3	 v	read 	feing3	 n	record (a cache of information)	tsu2	 v	request, ask for 	tsom3	 v	say, tell, express in words 	gep3	 aj	secret 	ngam5	 n	sentence (of words)	aip2	 v	sing 	klie3	 v	speak, talk 	dlaim3	 n	story, report	tsiug2	 v	suggest, propose (offer an idea) 	naut3	 n	syllable	flei2	 n	symbol, sign, token	dziet2	 v	thank (express gratitude toward) 	faik3	 av	unquotingly	jak4	 n	vocabulary (sum of words available to a person/people)	blak2	 n	voice	kue2	 n	vowel	fuen2	 v	warn 	kle3	 n	word	uig2	 v	write 	piob3	 n	game (a rule-governed system of competitive amusement)	tia2	 n	game, match (one particular encounter between competitors)	dlei2	 n	athletics (games involving physical skill), sports	kloin2	 n	score (the tally of points in a competition)	hu2	 n	umpire, referee, official	bluod2	 n	ball (spheroidal plaything)	flep2	 n	bat, stick, racket/racquet (any ball-hitting tool)	pluang2	 n	ski	dlu2	 n	baseball	vei2	 n	basketball	uik2	 n	football (association f~), soccer	floi2	 n	football (American/tackle f~)	kleit2	 n	gymnastics	klau2	 n	hockey	beit2	 n	pool, billiards	vaut2	 n	tennis	bet2	 n	chess	djio2	 v	play, recreate, frolic 	puib3	 aj	same, identical 	neik5	 aj	similar 	maik5	 aj	different 	seit5	 aj/pn	other, another 	miuk5, miuk2	 v	change (become/make different), vary 	gliu3	 v	imitate, mimic 	ain3	 aj	original, non-imitative 	tlam5	 n	prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs)	gait2	 n	copy (a duplicate)	tiu2	 num	zero 	ga5	 num	one 	xua5	 num	two 	plaig5	 num	three 	gliag5	 num	four 	bliut5	 num	five 	dzig5	 num	six 	nuin5	 num	seven 	gi5	 num	eight 	klub5	 num	nine 	moi5	 num	ten 	txod5	 num	hundred 	plau5	 num	thousand 	pliak5	 num	million (10^6) 	nau5	 num	billion	(10^9) buim5	 num	trillion (10^12)	vang5	 num	half (1/2) 	hum5	 pt	point, comma	vek1	 n	quantity (amount / number / magnitude)	pai2	 n	number, numeral (a word or symbol indicating quantity)	ngiet2	 v	count, enumerate 	bleg3	 v	measure 	dzep3	 n	ratio, rate, proportion	lain2	 v	add, append, join so as to cause an increase 	muk3	 v	remove, subtract, take away, delete 	xeg3	 v	increase (become or make greater in quantity) 	txaig3	 v	decrease (become or make lesser in quantity) 	vuo3	 v	multiply 	liap3	 v	divide 	vliub3	 n	total, sum, aggregate	muag2	 n	rest (of ...), remainder, leftovers, remnant	kloi2	 aj	whole, entire, complete 	nia5	 aj	all (the whole number or entire sum of) 	dzied5	 aj	many (a large number of) 	gain5	 aj	few (a small number of) 	mua5	 aj	several	giu5	 aj	some (indefinite)	puk5	 aj	much (a large quantity of) 	goi5	 aj	more (a larger quantity of) 	zi5	 aj	most (the largest quantity of) 	vle5	 aj	little (a small quantity of) 	ziot5	 aj	less (a smaller quantity of) 	klion5	 aj	least (the smallest quantity of) 	dja5	 n	part	vla2	 n	piece (a part broken/cut/separated from something larger)	vuen2	 n	section, segment (a part somehow different/separated from others)	meig2	 n	allocation, allotment, portion (someone's share of X)	tluam2	 n	group	nian2	 n	batch (quantity of things done/produced at one time)	mio2	 n	bundle, bunch (group of things tied or grouped together)	xuk2	 n	majority	floid2	 n	minority	gliup2	 n	density	plib2	 aj	dense (of much density), concentrated, thick, intense 	klaup5	 aj	rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy 	klo5	 aj	full, filled 	fuo5	 aj	empty 	vlied5	 n	degree (the extent/intensity/scope of an action/condition/relation)	leb2	 av	at least, not less than (>=) 	dzam4	 av	at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=) 	maid4	 av	much, very (to a large degree; with great intensity) 	blueng4	 av	more (to a larger degree) 	jeig4	 av	most (to the largest degree) 	ein4	 av	little (to a small degree; with almost no intensity) 	kuad4	 av	less (to a smaller degree) 	son4	 av	least (to the smallest degree) 	ngio4	 av	enough, sufficiently 	flap4	 av	almost, nearly 	poi4	 av	too much, excessively 	ku4	 av	too little, insufficiently 	jiag4	 n	size (degree of largeness or smallness)	niuk2	 aj	huge, enormous, gigantic 	fli5	 aj	big, large (of much size) 	glu5	 aj	small (of little size) 	txoip5	 aj	tiny, minuscule 	gui5	 v	expand, grow 	voip3	 v	shrink, contract 	kub3	 n	distance (amount of space from X to Y)	fiek2	 aj/av	far (at / to a great distance) 	pang5, pang4	 aj/av	near (at / to a little distance) 	be5, be4	 aj	present (existing in the indicated place; contra-absent) 	bap5	 aj	absent 	gluak5	 n	place, location	kai2	 n	length (distance from one end to the other)	pa2	 aj	long (of much length) 	bib5	 aj	short (of little length) 	gaik5	 n	width (degree of wideness or narrowness)	kio2	 aj	wide, broad (of space between objects) 	nen5	 aj	narrow, of little width (of space between objects) 	dzaig5	 n	thickness (of a solid object, etc.)	eb2	 aj	thick, fat (large from one surface to the opposite surface) 	huan5	 aj	thin, slender (small from one surface to the opposite surface) 	glied5	 n	height (distance from ground / baseline to top)	tsoi2	 aj	high, tall (of much height) 	ngaig5	 aj	low, short (not tall; of little height) 	mup5	 n	depth (distance from ground / baseline down to bottom)	xue2	 aj	deep, profound (of much depth) 	med5	 aj	shallow (of little depth) 	xub5	 aj	horizontal 	lue5	 aj	vertical 	naim5	 aj	diagonal, slanted 	fle5	 aj	sloped, inclined/declined (not horizontal) 	zuom5	 n	angle (the relation of two lines radiating from a point)	mop2	 n	position (location relative to others)	aid2	 n	region, area (a quantity of space within boundaries)	kluak2	 n	space, room, void	kaid2	 n	connection, joint, junction	djiub2	 n	environment, surroundings, context	txiap2	 n	front	plup2	 n	rear, back part of	hua2	 n	side, flank, lateral area	hiod2	 n	middle, center	tsuit2	 n	top, peak, summit	xo2	 n	bottom	veit2	 n	edge	xuen2	 aj	inner, internal, interior 	suam5	 aj	outer, exterior, external 	fliu5	 n	limit, boundary	klon2	 v	find (discover the location of) 	tliat3	 v	misplace (lose; become unable to find) 	din3	 n	direction (orientation of motion)	miok2	 av	up 	pliuk4	 av	down 	tleit4	 n	north	hi2	 n	south	gip2	 n	east	biat2	 n	west	ngui2	 aj	right(-hand) 	geim5	 aj	left(-hand) 	plep5	 av	away (from this or that place) 	djaud4	 av	back (to previous place / condition) 	vaup4	 aj	inverted, upside-down 	jei5	 av	backward (in reverse order) 	je4	 aj	direct, immediate (with no intermediaries or obstacles) 	xid5	 aj	serpentine, meandering, convoluted 	kluib5	 n	city	vlip2	 n	village	puong2	 n	rural area, countryside	klai2	 n	source, origin	tlin2	 n	route, path, course	feid2	 n	destination	tsiu2	 v	aim (to point/direct X toward Y) 	bluik3	 v	attract 	jiud3	 v	avoid, evade, keep away from 	plio3	 n	barrier, obstacle	vuap2	 n	base, node, station (point from which things go or are done)	ngum2	 v	bring (cause something to come along with one toward a place) 	djai3	 v	capture, seize 	noit3	 v	carry (move while supporting) 	bloig3	 v	come, arrive (at indicated place) 	biab3	 v	drift, wander 	bliad3	 v	drive, impel, propel 	tsaut3	 v	emit (to send out any form of matter/energy in any manner) 	ngieb3	 v	enter, go into 	zui3	 v	escape, flee from 	kuak3	 v	fly (move through the air) 	zio3	 av	forward, ahead 	dzuak4	 v	gather, collect (bring or come together) 	flaung3	 v	go (move from starting point to elsewhere) 	nguig3	 n	journey, trip, voyage	nguot2	 v	leave, depart, go away from 	blau3	 n	load, burden	flua2	 v	meet, encounter, come across 	fuem3	 v	miss, fail to hit/reach/see etc. 	niek3	 v	move (engage in motion / cause to engage in motion) 	plek3	 v	put, place, translocate 	xuep3	 v	reach, extend as far as 	tlaud3	 v	release (quit keeping/restraining) 	flau3	 v	remain, stay 	giok3	 v	repel 	se3	 v	restrain, inhibit, hold back 	glau3	 v	retrieve, fetch (go to X and bring it back) 	jiu3	 v	return (go or send back to previous place/condition) 	juon3	 v	ride (sit/perch in/on a vehicle/horse/etc. and travel) 	le3	 v	roll (move like a ball/cylinder by turning over and over) 	txuan3	 v	send, dispatch, transmit 	djaun3	 v	slide, slip, glide 	juan3	 v	stretch, extend 	plo3	 v	turn, divert (send in a different direction) 	not3	 v	turn, rotate, revolve 	lep3	 v	visit 	xa3	 n	airplane, aircraft	puom2	 n	bicycle	glad2	 n	boat	tei2	 n	bus	tse2	 n	canal, channel, ditch	zaung2	 n	car, automobile (wheeled motor vehicle)	plain2	 n	cart, carriage, wagon (wheeled vehicle; not self-propelled)	guad2	 n	motorcycle	soing2	 n	port	gliat2	 n	railroad	dlai2	 n	road	djo2	 n	rocket	iak2	 n	ship	gleip2	 n	street	tlauk2	 n	train (of railroad)	txein2	 n	truck {British: lorry} (motor vehicle for cargo-carrying)	tien2	 n	vehicle	liod2	 n	age (degree of oldness / youngness)	plug2	 aj	young (of little age; having existed/lived for a brief time) 	sa5	 aj	old (of much age; having existed/lived for a long time) 	saim5	 aj	new, novel, recent (having been known for a brief time) 	heit5	 aj	old (of long standing; having been known for a long time) 	faub5	 aj	permanent, perpetual 	huong5	 aj	constant, invariant, stable 	he5	 aj	temporary, transient 	lueng5	 n	interval (quantity of time between events X and Y)	buin2	 aj	irregular, sporadic, intermittent 	txiut5	 aj	regular, periodic (at uniform intervals) 	djip5	 n	rhythm	xuot2	 n	time (e.g. "do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration	tsum2	 av	again, once more, re- 	muem4	 v	alternate, take turns (do X then Y then X then Y) 	teip3	 n	cycle (one complete performance of a periodic process)	miug2	 n	frequency (degree of oftenness or seldomness)	giud2	 av	frequently, often 	giud4	 av	seldom, rarely 	guen4	 n	duration (amount of time consumed)	ngieg2	 aj	long (of much duration) 	fleig5	 aj	short, brief (of little duration) 	gliom5	 aj	gradual 	blio5	 aj	sudden, abrupt 	tuen5	 v	begin, commence, start 	vluop3	 v	continue, keep on doing/being 	xie3	 v	pause, hesitate, suspend action temporarily 	siod3	 v	end, conclude, finish 	tain3	 v	cease, stop doing, quit 	pau3	 v	delay, retard, tarry, postpone 	huem3	 v	rush, hurry, hasten 	ngiab3	 n	period, era, epoch	sek2	 n	moment, an instant	ne2	 av always (at all times) 	ngia4	 av	ever (at any time) 	tai4	 av	never 	pieb	 n	time (the dimension/continuum of past-present-future)	xaung2	 n	past (the p~), earlier time	fuing2	 n	present (the present time; the now)	xung2	 n	future (the f~)	blieng2	 av	already (prior to the time mentioned) 	niun4	 av	still, yet (even until the time mentioned) 	dzim4	 av	yesterday 	flu4	 av	today 	viek4	 av	tomorrow 	ploi4	 av	long ago (in the far past) 	vai4	 av	recently (in the near past) 	pluek4	 av	now (at this time) 	vlop4	 av	soon (in the near future) 	vueg4	 av	eventually (in the far future) 	djiep4	 aj/av	early, premature 	flue5, flue4	 av/aj	timely, prompt, on time 	ngob4, ngob5	 aj/av	late, tardy 	zup	 n	speed, velocity (degree of fastness or slowness)	blap2	 av	quickly, rapidly, swiftly (with much speed) 	gluong4	 av	slowly (with little speed) 	djuap4	 n	series (a number of similar things following one another)	dleig2	 n	sequence, order (temporal arrangement of events in a series)	mun2	 aj	last, final (after all others) 	ble5	 aj	prior, preceding, previous, contra-next 	pliut5	 aj	next (coming immediately after; "tomorrow" = the next day) 	djop5	 n	season	viom2	 n	spring (the season)	diup2	 n	summer	vlek2	 n	autumn, fall	boip2	 n	winter	na2	 n	century	nuen2	 n	year	men2	 n	month	voi2	 n	week	feb2	 n	weekday	txua2	 n	day (24-hour period)	mong2	 n	date (coordinates of a day given in some timekeeping system)	li2	 n	day (daytime -- as opposed to night), diurnal period	tloi2	 n	night	juong2	 n	morning (dawn to noon)	txui2	 n	noon	kug2	 n	afternoon (noon to dusk)	vu2	 n	evening (dusk to midnight)	mi2	 n	midnight	tsap2	 n	graveyard shift, middle of the night (midnight to dawn)	bing2	 n	hour (60 minutes)	jien2	 n	minute (60 seconds)	paing2	 n	second (1/60th of a minute)	koing2	 n	holiday	txuep2	 n	sabbath (day of week with religious significance)	vlui2	 v	wait (for), await 	ji3	 n	air	sang2	 n	alcohol	huot2	 n	ash	djuob2	 n	brass (copper-zinc alloy)	biem2	 n	carbon	dziob2	 n	chalk	vua2	 n	chemical (substance made by or used in chemistry)	pin2	 n	clay	luk2	 n	cloth, fabric (material made of threads)	vuop2	 n	coal	fa2	 n	copper	djiu2	 n	dirt, earth (tangible), soil	fleb2	 n	dust	tliob2	 n	element (substance of irreducible simplicity)	go2	 n	fat (oily/greasy material from animal adipose tissue or plant seeds)	dlauk2	 n	fuel	gliob2	 n	glass	xe2	 n	gold (the precious metal)	dziep2	 n	ice	tsun2	 n	ink	kiop2	 n	iron	ngeing2	 n	jade (the tough green gemstone)	fuit2	 n	jewel, gem	tsion2	 n	lead (the metal)	lion2	 n	leather (prepared hide)	laib2	 n	medicine (substance that makes one healthy)	taud2	 n	metal	noi2	 n	mineral, ore	klik2	 n	mud	txum2	 n	neon	diong2	 n	nitrogen	biug2	 n	oil (a combustible fatty liquid that will not mix with water)	tlaib2	 n	oil (crude oil), petroleum	txeg2	 n	oxygen	kliu2	 n	paint	txuong2	 n	paper	glid2	 n	plastic (synthetic/processed moldable material)	ngiob2	 n	poison, toxin	dim2	 n	potassium	dzeip2	 n	quartz	kla2	 n	rock, stone	vleid2	 n	rubber	lim2	 n	salt	plia2	 n	sand	luod2	 n	silk	djong2	 n	silver (the metal)	hiet2	 n	soap	heik2	 n	sodium	lui2	 n	steam	poip2	 n	steel	dob2	 n	sulfur	dlam2	 n	tar (dark viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation)	djud2	 n	tin (the metal)	klue2	 n	water	pieg2	 n	wax	dji2	 n	wood (the substance)	flen2	 n	wool	biad2	 n	beer	heip2	 aj	bitter 	mum5	 n	bread	tsio2	 n	butter	vliet2	 n	cheese	muo2	 n	chocolate	ma2	 n	flavor, taste	glaub2	 n	flour (grain-powder)	diat2	 n	food	ban2	 n	honey	tiud2	 n	milk	blui2	 n	pasta, noodles	pie2	 n	pizza	min2	 n	salad	nguok2	 n	sandwich	ngiub2	 n	sausage	klep2	 n	soup	txep2	 aj	sour 	dlait5	 n	spice, seasoning	klua2	 n	sugar	som2	 aj	sweet 	juing5	 n	vinegar	txaid2	 n	wine	zuob2	 n	arch	viab2	 n	band, tape, flat strip	dok2	 n	block (solid flat-surfaced mass of material)	dlud2	 n	branch (small part going out from main part)	pluk2	 n	bump, protrusion	ba2	 n	card (stiff rectangle of material)	zuo2	 n	circle	jain2	 n	coil	kom2	 n	cone	muom2	 n	crack, fissure	giob2	 n	cross (perpendicular intersection of linear items)	klop2	 n	crystal	xaud2	 n	cube	mom2	 n	curve	hed2	 n	cylinder	muod2	 n	dent, nick, indentation	seing2	 n	disk, disc	laun2	 n	drop (of liquid)	job2	 n	film (very thin layer)	plueng2	 aj	flared (opening up or spreading out from axis) 	zued5	 n	foam, froth	hoig2	 n	form, shape	liab2	 n	furrow, rut, groove	sie2	 n	garbage, trash, rubbish	djien2	 n	gas	nuom2	 n	helix (any corkscrew-shaped object)	dueg2	 n	hole	bluek2	 n	jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel	vub2	 n	juice (fluid extracted from something)	nguon2	 n	layer	plie2	 n	line (series of contiguous points)	hiog2	 n	liquid	tluad2	 n	loop, circuit, closed curve	giong2	 n	lump, clod, blob, piece of no particular shape	ded2	 n	mark (visible traces left behind)	duong2	 n	matter, material, substance	pli2	 n	object (concrete tangible thing)	baing2	 n	opening, orifice	fliem2	 n	oval, ellipse	via2	 aj	parallel 	tsa5	 n	paste (any thick soft dough-like material)	sai2	 n	pattern (apparent systematic interrelationship)	tliu2	 n	pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance	flaun2	 n	plane (flat surface)	xiam2	 n	plug, seal, stopper	blie2	 n	powder	buek2	 n	pyramid	geib2	 n	ray	paung2	 n	rectangle	pliom2	 n	ring, torus	gio2	 n	rust, corrosion	baub2	 n	scratch	beig2	 n	sheath	gleb2	 n	sheet (thin rectangle of paper/cloth/etc.)	fo2	 n	shower, sprinkle	glueb2	 n	smoke	blia2	 n	solid (not a gas or liquid)	dzaip2	 n	sphere	luen2	 n	spike, barb, cleat, thorn	xaun2	 n	spiral, whorl	miad2	 n	square	txion2	 n	stripe	txib2	 n	surface	maig2	 n	swelling, inflation	jaik2	 aj	tapered (becoming narrower toward an end) 	loi5	 n	thread, filament	hiem2	 n	triangle	kling2	 n	wave	guep2	 n	wedge	xi2	 n	wrinkle, crease	vluag2	 aj	flat, planar 	txiu5	 aj	level, even (on the same level) 	lek5	 aj	smooth 	sum5	 aj	rough, coarse, contra-smooth 	tseing5	 aj	straight (not bent) 	djion5	 aj	bent 	dai5	 aj	pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated 	blan5	 aj	clean 	tsuip5	 aj	dirty, contra-clean 	suot5	 aj	open (not shut) 	bluen5	 aj	closed, shut 	vluin5	 aj	wet 	viug5	 aj	dry 	xuad5	 aj	sharp, keen, pointy, acute 	dzoin5	 aj	dull, blunt (of little sharpness) 	xuat5	 aj	soft, malleable, yielding to pressure 	noid5	 aj	hard, firm, resistant to pressure 	tuab5	 aj	flexible (easily able to bend) 	tut5	 aj	stiff, rigid 	buig5	 aj	elastic (able to regain shape/size after deformation) 	bueng5	 aj	durable, resilient, robust, strong (in this sense) 	dzia5	 aj	fragile, delicate 	txag5	 n	weight (degree of heaviness or lightness)	bliang2	 aj	heavy (of much weight) 	plai5	 aj	light (of little weight) 	djum5	 aj	solid (contra-hollow) 	naib5	 aj	hollow 	beg5	 aj	snug (just large enough to contain X), tight (in this sense) 	tok5	 aj	loose (contra-snug), baggy 	ngaut5	 aj	taut, tight, tense, strained 	fom5	 aj	loose (contra-taut), slack 	biop5	 aj	viscous, thick (of high viscosity) 	pob5	 aj	runny, thin (of little viscosity) 	txieng5	 v	absorb 	bloi3	 v	adhere (hold tightly to / stick to something) 	lok3	 v	beat (repeatedly hit), batter 	heib3	 v	blow (move/cause to move as a current of gas) 	dziat3	 v	boil 	gein3	 v	bounce, rebound 	nuib3	 v	break (into pieces) 	dluang3	 v	build (join materials to create), construct 	diud3	 v	burn 	tluem3	 v	burst 	blaup3	 v	consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up 	gluot3	 v	contain 	ziem3	 v	crush (press on so as to break or re-shape) 	xeit3	 v	cut 	dlut3	 v	dig 	gliun3	 v	dissolve 	buom3	 v	evaporate 	viat3	 v	explode 	biap3	 v	float 	baum3	 v	flow (travel in a current) 	keing3	 v	fold 	flet3	 v	freeze 	huok3	 v	grind 	gluig3	 v	hang, suspend, dangle 	blaid3	 v	hit, strike 	dzaut3	 v	melt 	dieng3	 v	mix, blend 	flian3	 v	pollute, contaminate 	vliud3	 v	pour (cause to flow) 	sak3	 v	preserve, maintain (keep X in good condition) 	dluan3	 v	press (do pressure to; push upon with weight or force) 	ngiok3	 v	pry {British: prize} (raise/open/move with a lever) 	hag3	 v	pull (draw something toward oneself) 	djain3	 v	push (press on something in order to move it) 	tsoig3	 v	rot, decay 	faid3	 v	rub, abrade 	fluik3	 v	sew 	dliup3	 v	shake 	txauk3	 v	shoot (cause to rapidly go forth) 	hei3	 v	sink 	dzoing3	 v	spill (accidentally emit liquid) 	han3	 v	spread (begin to cover or cause X to cover more area) 	tag3	 v	stab, jab 	dliog3	 v	stir, agitate 	soid3	 v	suck 	klia3	 v	sweep 	tluop3	 v	tear, rip 	vig3	 v	tie, bind 	siep3	 v	trim, prune (cut off ragged edges) 	muab3	 v	wash 	nuap3	 v	weave 	tlum3	 v	wrap 	diang3	 aj	acid(ic) 	suob5	 aj	alkaline 	tleim5	 n	atom	zuin2	 n	balance, equilibrium	tsiud2	 n	basis, foundation (part which supports the rest)	gua2	 n	electricity	xoim2	 n	energy	dzung2	 n	fire	plaung2	 n	force	kauk2	 n	gravity	du2	 n	magnet	ngaung2	 n	molecule	glion2	 n	power	pua2	 n	smell, odor, aroma	glaig2	 n	strength (ability to exert physical power)	dlog2	 n	stroke, jolt, blow of force	tsuan2	 n	vacuum	ngad2	 n	vapor, mist	mai2	 n	polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.)	peig2	 aj	positive 	dum5	 aj	negative 	paim5	 aj	gentle, mild 	meib5	 aj	violent, harsh 	kaun5	 v	see 	fuim3	 n	light (visible electro-magnetic radiation)	dluk2	 n	color	heb2	 n	shadow, shade	flon2	 v	shine (radiate light) 	jon3	 n	picture, image	bliom2	 aj	bright (with much light present) 	pip5	 aj	dark, dim (with little light present) 	dleid5	 aj	black 	foip5	 aj	gray {British: grey} 	xat5	 aj	white 	nung5	 aj	red 	flium5	 aj	orange (having a hue between red and yellow) 	kliep5	 aj	yellow 	tliok5	 aj	green 	tlap5	 aj	blue 	tuong5	 aj	purple 	vlaid5	 aj	brown 	djuid5	 aj	beautiful 	tsuet5	 aj	ugly 	niak5	 n	ornament, decoration	tliab2	 n	blemish, blot	plein2	 v	hide, conceal 	lia3	 v	reveal, disclose 	ngoip3	 v	examine, inspect 	deig3	 v	show, exhibit, display 	dei3	 n	sound (audible waves in the air)	neig2	 aj	silent 	djiem5	 aj	quiet, soft, faint (of little sonic intensity) 	kluid5	 aj	loud (of much sonic intensity) 	fian5	 v	hear 	baig3	 n	music	txuid2	 n	tone, pitch (frequency of sound waves)	ngaug2	 v	whistle 	djue3	 n	temperature (relative amount of heat present)	viun2	 n	heat, warmth	dzuan2	 aj	cold, chilly, frigid 	teib5	 aj	cool 	vlium5	 aj	warm 	seid5	 aj	hot 	dium5	 v	bake (cook or harden by means of dry heat) 	tlom3	 v	cook (prepare by applying heat) 	vlaup3	 v	happen, occur 	koib3	 n	accident (unintentional and unexpected event)	dliuk2	 n	miracle	hoing2	 n	disaster, catastrophe	haip2	 n	act, deed	blauk2	 n	activity, bustle, ado 	dzu2	 n	result, consequence	nueg2	 v	agree 	him3	 v	fight, combat 	kieg3	 v	protect, defend 	biud3	 v	attack 	soip3	 aj	good 	puip5	 aj	bad 	fluod5	 n	category, classification	mek2	 n	kind, sort, type, variety (of...)	zaun2	 aj	certain, sure 	flam5	 aj	probable (likely to happen/be) 	txiom5	 v	cooperate, collaborate 	blo3	 v	compete, strive, vie 	jem3	 v	help, assist, aid 	xiun3	 v	interfere, hinder 	djuab3	 v	succeed 	mip3	 v	fail 	liep3	 aj	simple 	bluip5	 aj	complex 	dlag5	 n	condition, state, status	pliug2	 v	create, make (bring into existence) 	tlaing3	 v	destroy (contra-create; cause to cease existing) 	jiep3	 n	safety, security	kong2	 n	danger (situation in which harm is probable)	dzo2	 aj	easy 	giem5	 aj	difficult, hard 	buang5	 aj	true 	tluap5	 aj	false, untrue 	taun5	 aj	famous 	dzan5	 aj	mortal	vlueng5	 aj	obscure, unheard of 	pleng5	 v	injure, damage, harm 	gaug3	 v	repair, fix 	huing3	 n	flaw, defect, imperfection	vuak2	 aj	native (naturally belonging to a given realm) 	tsaug5	 aj	chief, main, primary, principal 	kuip5	 aj	auxiliary 	pluig5	 aj	normal, ordinary, usual 	glui5	 aj	strange, weird, unusual, peculiar 	jet5	 n	trouble, difficulty	daut2	 aj	real, actual 	bleing5	 n	trick, chicanery	pluap2	 aj	right, correct 	glab5	 aj	wrong, incorrect 	dju5	 v	reside, dwell, live 	kliag3	 n	camp, bivouac, temporary shelter	toi2	 n	nest, den, lair (an animal's self-made house)	luag2	 v	represent (act as a substitute for) 	dlad3	 n	substitute, surrogate (temporary replacement)	blua2	 n	replacement (permanent substitute/substitution)	muak2	 aj	common, general (shared by all members of a group) 	tluik5	 aj	specific, special, particular 	hin5	 n	ability, capacity (to do something)	lo2	 aj	artificial (deliberately made by humans) 	tiab5	 aj	automatic 	hiab5	 n	chance, randomicity, luck	kluon2	 n	civilization	glo2	 aj	clear, plain (easy to see/understand) 	mam5	 n	compromise	tait2	 v	consist of, be composed of 	zeb3	 v	depend on, rely on 	tsem3	 v	deserve, merit, be worthy of 	vleik3	 n	detail	haub2	 aj	equal 	jui5	 aj	evil 	daim5	 aj	exact, precise 	tuad5	 n	example, sample	zig2	 n	exercise, practice (effort made to improve skills/health)	dau2	 n	experiment	tlium2	 aj	fertile 	fliang5	 n	harmony (pleasing combination of stimuli)	vein2	 aj	just, fair, equitable 	fleik5	 n	match (a thing suitably associated with another)	vliak2	 n	method, manner, way (of doing), technique	teig2	 aj	mutual, reciprocal 	huop5	 aj	naked, nude, exposed (without the usual cover) 	vli5	 aj	necessary, needed, required 	mut5	 v	need, require 	dziam3	 aj	possible (able to happen or be done) 	tlued5	 v	prevent (keep from happening) 	zuen3	 n	process, procedure	tlig2	 n	program	txaut2	 n	progress, advancement	tsua2	 n	project, undertaking, venture	duem2	 n	proof, evidence	plian2	 n	quality, trait, attribute, characteristic	kluat2	 aj	ready, prepared for a task / event 	klaug5	 n	relationship, association	nied2	 n	right (a right to do/be ...)	buan2	 n	role (an individual's function)	vleip2	 v	save, rescue 	fiong3	 n	species	vluen2	 aj	suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate 	dzuap5	 n	system	xok2	 n	task, chore, job, assignment	luong2	 n	technology	dluet2	 n	tendency, propensity, inclination	txob2	 v	try, attempt, endeavor 	jap3	 v	use, utilize 	tsuep3	 n	vogue, trend, fad, fashion	tig2	 v	waste, misuse 	ngak3	 aj	wild, feral, untamed 	ting5	 n	work, effort, labor, toil	nid2	 n	riot	gliap2	 n	science	txuik2	 v	serve (provide service to) 	djiuk3	 n	set (complete group of similar items)	txuim2	 n	strike (work stoppage as protest)	hem2	 v	support 	xong3	 v	test, check 	buak3	 v	torture, torment 	nga3	 av perfective aspect  moing4	 av imperfective aspect		txiud4	 av habitual aspect		gaing4	 av progressive aspect		ngium4	 av perfect (retrospective) aspect  glai4	 av prospective aspect		kuog4	 av inceptive aspect		kleim4	 av inchoative aspect  gliep4	 av cessative aspect		djuek4	 av pausative aspect		txaung4	 av resumptive aspect		txung4	 av punctual aspect		flueb4	 av durative aspect		vlam4	 av delimitative aspect		plium4	 av protractive aspect		bliug4	 av superperfective aspect		fuik4	 av iterative aspect		nab4	 av random aspect		die4	 av frequentative aspect		giud4	 av semelfactive aspect		te4	 av simulfactive aspect		keng4	 av experiential aspect		paud4	 av intentional aspect		foi4	 av accidental aspect		fep4	 av distributive aspect		ging4	 av alternation aspect		vuam4	 av generic aspect		loid4	 av completive aspect		puop4	 av intensive aspect		nod4	 av moderative aspect		gle4	 av attenuative aspect		paib4	 av crescendo aspect		ke4	 av decrescendo aspect		piom4	 av future utility aspect	tuing4	 av state-change aspect		dap4	 av passive voice 	zod4	 av	causative voice	duob4	 av	reflexive voice	vliok4	 av	reciprocative voice	pik4	 av past tense		fliop4	 av present tense		neid4	 av future tense		dlaung4	 av short time distance		nguat4	 av medium time distance		dloip4	 av long time distance		zag4	 av short time interval		tsab4	 av medium time interval		hion4	 av long time interval		djait4	 av	here (in/to this place) 	me4	 av	there (at/to that place) 	gia4	 av there yonder		vaing4	 av short spatial distance		paig4	 av medium spatial distance		glud4	 av long spatial distance		vuing4	 av short spatial interval		tlok4	 av medium spatial interval		vlueb4	 av long spatial interval		zon4	

Reserved words for future use
klaud	 veim	 dzeb	 zuat	 fleit	 buem	 vliat	 kluig	 hiub	 fliet	 txoit	 vain	 hop	 gleing	 txan	 piug	 ziok	 zuod	 deb	 tlu	 blaub	 song	 tluek	 txoid	 flieb	 kiab	 dzuag	 djiam	 kueng	 xaik	 txiot	 daik	 gian	 dzau	 tsuong	 ngot	 djia	 xiok	 tsud	 ngun	 kliup	 duag	 hiep	 sot	 biong	 voit	 neing	 ken	 tsiom	 floit	 dzieb	 nib	 pu	 kliut	 zeid	 pag	 sueg	 guem	 flud	 tsiop	 kloim	 dzuang	 mieg	 jab	 flip	 jeg	 floing	 dleip	 tsain	 tlad	 feib	 joip	 buit	 buot	 guang	 pug	 gloing	 tiet	 buen	 glaib	 lop	 kluip	 plaid	 kuing	 vluing	 hip	 vop	 bot	 fieb	 dleb	 fap	 vuab	 vaung	 blip	 jueg	 djuan	 vlod	 dliok	 kleng	 xai	 tiob	 luok	 tsiog	 dzuin	 kaum	 xieng	 sian	 tlait	 xek	 neib	 daub	 jieb	 piet	 tsaig	 haig	 gleit	 foim	 sing	 luit	 tlieb	 jiem	 txaug	 viup	 tso	 tlab	 dziub	 tsiad	 dzog	 fluig	 flaing	 djit	 kieng	 gieg	 sieng	 djaid	 zueg	 dlot	 jiod	 nuon	 xot	 tluig	 seig	 muim	 soib	 hueb	 faing	 tik	 glain	 paup	 lak	 kliak	 moig	 diob	 tliut	 vlueg	 djuip	 djig	 laung	 djet	 txied	 guid	 niem	 lum	 niat	 guing	 txiep	 tsan	 dluak	 nguop	 txon	 bloing	 giung	 vlieg	 vluak	 djoing	 txio	 nuk	 zaik	 gliet	 xiod	 dziap	 kloip	 tuok	 seim	 vib	 zid	 toim	 goik	 djuig	 vaud	 vuib	 foig	 sap	 dliag	 dla	 no	 diam	 niang	 xueb	 huag	 hian	 klei	 guok	 zeng	 vloik	 vluk	 txaub	 pion	 ngod	 sun	 tsuok	 kluam	 djied	 mieb	 tlit	 dzuot	 txeng	 fluim	 vab	 fliup	 nub	 dzuek	 plaib	 gleng	 mued	 suan	 flag	 foit	 plauk	 had	 vlang	 guap	 huang	 klued	 sat	 dog	 jam	 xaum	 pim	 nuat	 diep	 blod	 pe	 faim	 peib	 guit	 gleik	 fliep	 jaum	 xuob	 glub	 kuat	 hek	 pluab	 liu	 muig	 vlub	 nem	 dziek	 muin	 djiok	 saug	 xiag	 haug	 dzi	 dzet	 toib	 biuk	 nup	 pong	 ngoim	 goip	 jaun	 tsiuk	 djen	 niut	 dzok	 xiut	 djun	 dliud	 jiap	 vliek	 hon	 djug	 txad	 tlieg	 ni	 xuod	 dliap	 glut	 gon	 zuep	 ngoid	 puat	 nat	 dliad	 klaik	 vlap	 djub	 gluok	 ket	 kaib	 nig	 djuod	 kaug	 sog	 viak	 died	 xuog	 gloi	 tsig	 fling	 djek	 hueg	 fug	 ngait	 dlaib	 tlop	 sio	 pian	 djid	 piong	 blam	 giup	 fauk	 vlian	 dzong	 hoib	 biam	 nap	 hio	 tleing	 miag	 guin	 buab	 noig	 pluet	 dong	 dziab	 tsuat	 niap	 sait	 bued	 tlien	 vlem	 djuom	 vlon	 vlup	 sion	 djiod	 hud	 djaut	 ploin	 deng	 plid	 flaig	 zoib	 dzuog	 juam	 dluab	 dlied	 vog	 pain	 joing	 tluom	 piab	 lik	 bleik	 piuk	 tom	 juob	 kiang	 tlue	 dluok	 hom	 pum	 suom	 jein	 djiud	 viub	 gaud	 dzib	 nguag	 luog	 vliung	 nguit	 tluet	 viag	 hiat	 piut	 vlin	 djuop	 vuek	 pluing	 djep	 kloid	 tsaup	 gum	 plin	 txuig	 ngiung	 huat	 blued	 vaun	 fut	 dzueng	 lod	 bliup	 naud	 kuan	 zain	 pod	 vuad	 guab	 pluok	 gieng	 luip	 tiok	 dam	 keib	 liong	 veing	 fliak	 siud	 foib	 siap	 tsaub	 meip	 plem	 dloin	 fet	 gluid	 taib	 pop	 kion	 ning	 luak	 gluem	 flung	 gloid	 klieb	 nging	 sud	 gug	 muid	 tloip	 nium	 dzon	 txoing	 daug	 lig	 tsaun	 faib	 vloin	 tuet	 kiut	 dliang	 dlab	 jiob	 dluag	 giet	 flim	 siog	 klueb	 vieb	 suad	 tsiem	 suok	 dzaung	 liang	 klit	 dliet	 miod	 pluan	 tseig	 giun	 tsoip	 djuok	 vlom	 pluod	 hup	 dzaing	 xit	 tlik	 zit	 puem	 fiem	 nuod	 vloing	 tsek	 xiuk	 kuon	 tlob	 vlak	 juep	 txen	 tlep	 blem	 geid	 tsein	 vot	 klan	 tap	 miak	 dzuob	 ngub	 lob	 xeib	 jium	 tuot	 jaip	 txoin	 siad	 let	 jueb	 jaup	 vuim	 luig	 tliug	 ju	 lad	 tsuem	 fluek	 tieng	 txueng	 bak	 veik	 puan	 bluem	 tlian	 zoik	 gaip	 bluib	 bleng	 ngian	 pap	 xem	 jaud	 flig	 glein	 siob	 kliam	 buo	 vuet	 tauk	 vaum	 dlon	 vlieb	 haid	 djuin	 sieg	 buob	 plait	 piang	 plong	 vlaun	 dlob	 boig	 fuob	 fop	 dzion	 ziab	 tued	 flaip	 luem	 keim	 vuod	 vleing	 nop	 huab	 naug	 muam	 tsod	 tiot	 zaim	 sueb	 gud	 vieng	 gliuk	 feip	 fuk	 boid	 tsaim	 zuot	 hiob	 deing	 nob	 glen	 dlid	 nguod	 vlaim	 ngag	 long	 muap	 gluen	 kuk	 tlaig	 ploing	 txok	 hoin	 bloin	 viok	 ko	 fien	 xiap	 pluik	 dliem	 fuig	 kluap	 hied	 pluip	 pliup	 nik	 tieb	 tim	 gluap	 kleip	 puin	 fag	 ngiag	 lub	 bloik	 tuin	 blium	 pun	 tuik	 tluag	 blueg	 bung	 dain	 bliung	 vung	 dlug	 dait	 tsiung	 kei	 zep	 blaing	 xiep	 tsiong	 kad	 deib	 naung	 bliag	 nguk	 lued	 kuem	 got	 tiak	 tluat	 leik	 jag	 sim	 xim	 klang	 djog	 jom	 djeng	 toit	 flued	 glued	 dloib	 duim	 plaub	 biung	 jug	 bliet	 kuot	 hiup	 dlem	 zeig	 dlau	 lom	 ngeb	 xak	 hiang	 sik	 vliom	 djiat	 leg	 led	 fueb	 bliot	 hiut	 xaip	 muang	 bang	 blen	 meim	 xiang	 vip	 piung	 tsoik	 bied	 vap	 txing	 vluap	 mauk	 kuin	 gluing	 djim	 tsaud	 puap	 djuik	 bian	 piap	 xian	 fliat	 miep	 jig	 dzeib	 dliot	 den	 ngaun	 klod	 veib	 seg	 lait	 ted	 siup	 dig	 djiom	 set	 peid	 tsoing	 kliob	 blaim	 von	 zoig	 xob	 vluam	 tsed	 ha	 pliot	 pliub	 vion	 viep	 beb	 xuib	 poik	 duk	 vok	 blion	 tuek	 sub	 vluek	 nguong	 dziung	 buop	 joig	 daum	 zim	 tuob	 hiung	 klaig	 xuab	 guet	 hik	 huon	 gluang	 dzuop	 djoit	 vluem	 txuem	 dlip	 loik	 mueb	 suk	 tlaug	 tsid	 nuang	 jeng	 tsieg	 flun	 dzun	 vliod	 guip	 dluong	 naun	 txuab	 ziop	 gluod	 viut	 djaung	 dlaup	 get	 luet	 duab	 juib	 bluet	 dluom	 dliat	 buap	 nuek	 laik	 gaum	 dang	 djuim	 naum	 tsiap	 puak	 glauk	 kluek	 hung	 dlion	 xeig	 ngeng	 bluab	 djot	 vlag	 biep	 bein	 kek	 vlued	 dzuom	 suek	 ngeig	 glong	 tuep	 vlok	 duop	 biub	 pein	 hoid	 blag	 fliod	 fem	 zud	 huit	 maud	 biak	 plung	 juot	 tliek	 dlop	 jiog	 pium	 doing	 dzen	 kluom	 txang	 luot	 vloig	 xein	 kluan	 tsuek	 mat	 flod	 tet	 juik	 txueb	 gliong	 glak	 pleik	 koip	 txieb	 txiup	 haik	 fit	 vik	 djeik	 dliun	 piub	 buip	 tuon	 tsot	 tib	 dlim	 duad	 kliang	 nguing	 kien	 djak	 toip	 ngiom	 huak	 plip	 voim	 boik	 haing	 saut	 giod	 djaim	 tiog	 txiug	 xiem	 fim	 luin	 peip	 pad	 mob	 liog	 fiep	 xaub	 txem	 ped	 gluom	 nuet	 blied	 toing	 djueng	 pluong	 dzian	 lup	 tsin	 txik	 kluit	 top	 blain	 gluob	 glap	 floik	 dzuat	 txueg	 klok	 ngud	 ngap	 gloik	 dlik	 vloip	 djiog	 blug	 liem	 gueng	 bluep	 viem	 vlong	 fluing	 glok	 fak	 liak	 txid	 gluit	 deik	 bliub	 leip	 jun	 gliad	 fuan	 said	 diem	 fluom	 niung	 ged	 dlong	 fieng	 tiap	 guig	 viud	 tsiam	 glom	 zuon	 tlaik	 jeing	 sug	 kik	 saig	 nuan	 dlod	 xep	 tluim	 dzaud	 dzaug	 ngiut	 jop	 giat	 jiek	 flom	 bluong	 jang	 tloib	 dib	 bluom	 put	 klong	 doib	 tsiob	 vluid	 tloid	 ploim	 vin	 kiam	 dzad	 sauk	 doip	 pluib	 faug	 klim	 txat	 ngek	 xiop	 djoim	 xiub	 dleing	 maup	 klom	 bleid	 blueb	 txuang	 fuon	 fuam	 diek	 san	 biom	 bluat	 pleib	 zip	 keip	 foik	 ling	 tuim	 fliong	 zang	 txaik	 dliep	 blep	 tlaid	 beib	 kiok	 luop	 vlum	 gag	 tluok	 kot	 nguan	 kap	 djiun	 txued	 nuid	 pleig	 ping	 flok	 fuet	 nut	 diap	 ngin	 glit	 vloid	 jan	 kluep	 plieg	 hieg	 tuit	 hug	 tlion	 zoid	 jip	 xuid	 vlut	 djiup	 zuam	 tsaing	 heim	 txuok	 tliep	 bob	 kluog	 gak	 soig	 glun	 fiak	 xuik	 huog	 jieg	 blaig	 puam	 mab	 tam	 taut	 djiong	 dziad	 huek	 plag	 seik	 fuib	 ngaik	 nuot	 kud	 djiang	 nueb	 zuap	 tsang	 guong	 tliam	 blat	 tlied	 muep	 gluin	 dlin	 pluem	 flan	 fiub	 tluon	 dzain	 ngut	 juom	 dziak	 ngiud	 bluak	 gluip	 gleig	 dlet	 nuong	 sut	 klium	 glaum	 fliub	 jo	 zoim	 guog	 nguem	 txog	 nit	 blaik	 gam	 zuid	 flieng	 vlaik	 jaim	 niam	 fliuk	 teb	 blop	 blaip	 daud	 tlaut	 tluang	 miog	 tlueng	 djein	 tsuom	 djuag	 gieb	 txiet	 djieng	 bloip	 tseit	 gup	 gliek	 djoik	 jieng	 loip	 plieb	 tsien	 tuib	 kiud	 duon	 diog	 vluit	 vlait	 tob	 kak	 gloib	 nong	 tset	 blet	 fum	 xuing	 kluod	 plaug	 kuib	 sueng	 paun	 siot	 vluig	 peg	 tlaip	 txot	 vaub	 xiab	 gan	 man	 glat	 tueg	 dluob	 naub	 vug	 dzein	 fiup	 gap	 vlen	 miong	 going	 dot	 xueng	 plod	 tiek	 dia	 sep	 zuig	 tlug	 hiuk	 saun	 dud	 kloik	 tsok	 dluog	 saing	 plued	 dzueb	 noin	 ngaup	 tlung	 gliok	 niud	 vlan	 lin	 dluik	 vluep	 paik	 djuit	 kliom	 blun	 biun	 ben	 dzem	 naik	 glian	 bluk	 nuop	 djing	 nuik	 kuag	 siat	 muog	 dziot	 fluid	 fot	 vuan	 puid	 dzuim	 dliab	 fau	 tlain	 duok	 giuk	 gauk	 vlig	 vup	 meik	 muat	 glet	 ziun	 vlaum	 dlup	 fiang	 diot	 suag	 vleb	 fluk	 xueg	 djaup	 bluam	 pluat	 fuog	 lit	 xaing	 luan	 laum	 god	 laug	 vluet	 hang	 tsoib	 muong	 buog	 hiop	 dliom	 geik	 flup	 jaug	 bliob	 glaut	 fliab	 klung	 fiop	 vlud	 faud	 flauk	 duot	 zeib	 blian	 nget	 heid	 txin	 jib	 tsueb	 zug	 ib	 vling